In a community property state, marital property becomes community property, which is jointly owned by both spouses. In the 11 Asian, Murder in Families 3 Note: See table 1 notes for definitions of the family relationships. Community property assets include: Earned income generated during the marriage; Items purchased by either spouse during the marriage; Retirement accounts that are created during marriage or the. The second-most-common motive for the intimate partner homicides studied was gain (23%). in Arizona can become substantially more complicated when one of the spouses has a professional practice. You should contact Mr. R. R. See IRM 25. Both community property with right of survivorship and joint tenancy with right of survivorship work the same way for one important purpose. Investigators believe the crime scene was staged to look like a burglary to cover up the real crime – the intentional murder of Cathy by her husband. Your spouse's creditors may, however, have the right to take property that you own jointly. That same money could generate over $13,000 a year in income if it were invested conservatively. Summary: Arizona is a community property state. After a petition is filed for divorce, copies of the papers must be served on a spouse unless they waive service and that waiver is filed with the court. In these states, all property of a married person is considered as either community property (owned jointly by both spouses) or the separate property of one. “Prior domestic violence is by far the number-one risk factor in these cases,” Campbell said. And the court is required to divide equitably all community property. In Kentucky, spouses can create a "community property trust. The expert said such people commit murder and then blame the devil for their woes. The Arizona Court of Appeals ruled Arizona Revised Statute section 12-1119 allows a person to file and record a lis pendens in any lawsuit that could affect title to a home or other real estate. In the decree of dissolution, the trial court divided the parties’ community property. Murin cites the Arizona Supreme Court opinion in Rundle v. If the couple divorces, the community property must be divided and distributed to the parties. Decision. 592, 598–99 (App. The parties owned a house, as well as a parcel of land. Call us today at (480)305-8300 or reach out to us through. In general, separate property or non-marital property is any property, real or personal, acquired before marriage, after divorce (or in some states by separation of the spouses before divorce), by gift or inheritance during the marriage, or during marriage with separate property funds. MCFP Springfield. A Minnesota man has been charged with the murder of his wife 11 years after she was shot and killed in their home. Alter the duties and rights of either spouse with respect to the management of community property except as prescribed pursuant to section 25-315, subsection. Part one states a spouse has a claim for breach of fiduciary duty against the other spouse, if the other spouse's conduct results in "impairment" in the spouse's "undivided one half interest. In these states—which include Texas, California, Washington, and Arizona—spouses can hold title as community property with right of survivorship. state-level legal distinction of a married individual's assets. Separate property will be the property of only one spouse. On separate returns, H and W each must report $10,000 of the total community income. However, gifts and inheritances are separate property, not owned by both spouses. Retroactive Application of Interest on a Loan Between Spouses in Arizona. R. 16. Result: murderer doesn’t inherit the couple’s house; instead the house is deemed owned 50/50 by the murderer and the deceased spouse’s estate. Read this case where we recovered the benefits for an ex-spouse whose benefits were wrongfully denied. In Arizona, all property acquired by a couple after marriage is presumed to be community property. The Arizona appellate court in the matter of Rowe v. Hutki answered that question. S. The trial court used the “reasonable value of community services” valuation methodology, as opposed to the “fair rate of return on the initial capital investment”. In Arizona, each spouse is a co-owner of all property earned by the other spouse during marriage. law of inheritance, stops a person inheriting property from a person they murdered (so that, for example, a murderer cannot inherit from parents or a spouse they killed). 1501—736. Middletown resident Thomas Lehan, 37 is charged with first-degree murder in the death of his wife, Kathleen “Katie” Lehan, 34, also of Middletown, the Frederick County. Community property. Losing up to 100% of the asset is a penalty for hiding assets in divorce. Contact the Cantor Law Group to schedule a free consultation about how your rights by calling 602. The second method for recovering Medicaid costs paid is to place a lien on any real property owned by the person who received Medicaid coverage. For the purposes of inheritance. Spouse Gets. W must report $2,000 ($12,000 – $10,000) as alimony received, which H may deduct as alimony paid. 2d 508 (1970) is misplaced. On the other hand, property acquired before marriage and gifts or inheritance given to either spouse during marriage are. ARIZONA COMMUNITY PROPERTY LAWS. enforcing a survivor benefit election in a pension in arizona; murderer spouse and community property in arizona; damages caused by a community property vehicle in arizona; compensation for waste of community assets in arizona; using separate funds to buy joint property in arizona; transmuting separate property into. The Family Court is supposed to divide community property (sometimes called marital property) equally. Each spouse owns equal interest in their community property. Community property. CHAPTER 201. In Arizona, community property implies equal ownership, so in most cases, it is fair to divide jointly held property equally. 0. Another shortcut is available when one spouse dies, provided that their principal residence is owned as community property and is valued at $500,000 or less for property tax purposes. Is AZ a community property state? The short answer is: Yes, it is, making it one of nine community property states in the country. Whereas, if the accumulated paid time off is not reimbursable, it is the separate property of the spouse who earned it and it should not be divided in a divorce. Brendan’s father, Steven’s former brother-in-law. The Long Answer. The bodies of both women were dumped in wooded areas in the same area on Long Island's. It awards half of that amount to the nonemployee spouse in the form of equivalent property. Shakespeare Testament. ARS 25-318 Disposition of Property. The short answer is, yes, separate property is treated differently than the division of community property. January 31, 1945. So what that means is if the couple purchased shares, for example, that were worth $100 and on the death of the first spouse, they're worth $1,000, the new basis in the property will be $1,000. Property that is gained by a spouse through inheritance or gift will be that spouse’s sole and separate property, regardless if received before, during, or after a divorce or. In that case, the person’s spouse must execute a disclaimer deed to allow the person to continue to hold the real estate as their sole and separate property rather than as community property. Our family law firm has earned numerous awards such as US News and World Reports Best Arizona Family Law Firm, US News and World Report Best Divorce Attorneys, “Best of the Valley” by Arizona Foothills readers, and “Best Arizona Divorce Law Firms” by North Scottsdale Magazine. Call Now (480)305-8300Consider Capital Gains Taxes on the Sale of a House in an Arizona Divorce. MARITAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES. Arizona law describes what happens if the community invests money in the separate property of one spouse. Arizona is a community property state. GENERAL RULES FOR SEPARATE AND COMMUNITY PROPERTY Sec. On Oct. Assets considered community property must be split in a divorce in a community property. §33-452 states, “a conveyance or encumbrance of community property is not valid unless executed and acknowledged by both husband. Photo: AP Photo/Matt York. If you have questions about filing a homestead and separate property in an Arizona divorce case, you should seriously consider contacting the attorneys at Hildebrand Law, PC. The nine community property states in the U. In practice, “equitable” usually means equal. enforcing a survivor benefit election in a pension in arizona; murderer spouse and community property in arizona; damages caused by a community property vehicle in arizona; compensation for waste of community assets in arizona; using separate funds to buy joint property in arizona; transmuting separate property into. Filing taxes in community property states (Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, Wisconsin) as married filing separately (MFS) can be complicated. . Men are most often the perpetrators. Other filicides are motivated by romantic jealousy, revenge and domestic violence, triggered by separation. 2d 603 (S. As part of the process, a court must determine which debts belong to each individual spouse. Creditor relied on Arizona Revised Statutes §25-215. S. The Court of Appeals remanded the case to the trial court for a new determination of Husband’s goodwill, with the caveat that in applying the Wisner factors, the court must ensure that it does not divide as community property future earnings that are based solely on the professional’s post-dissolution work effort. Once again, start with the basic concept that a. The exact division is generally left to the discretion of the trial court. I am the spouse of the deceased and I am claiming the allowance in lieu of homestead ($18,000) exempt property ($7,000) and family allowance ($12,000). That means that property held by a husband and/or wife is presumed to belong to them as a community. #101, Tucson, AZ 85718. Wisconsin. 2014) the Arizona Court of Appeals discussed whether payments from a disability insurance policy were community property, belonging equally to both spouses, or the separate property of the disabled spouse. creation of a community lien on sole and separate property in arizona; community property laws about a spouse’s personal guarantee in arizona; choosing a valuation date when dividing assets in a divorce in arizona; can a spouse be held liable for credit card debt in arizona; calculating a community lien on a depreciating asset in. Barron addressed those issues. The exception to this general rule would occur if both spouses. Further, any income made from a spouse. Separate property is what you own before marriage, while community property is what you. Under this system, property acquired by a married person during the marriage is the property of that person separately, unless the person agrees with his or her spouse to hold the property jointly. Under this form of ownership, both spouses hold undivided shares of the whole, and when one spouse. In a divorce, the separate property belongs to the spouse holding title, while community property belongs to both spouses. Lindor is in pre-trial confinement, accused of. November 3, 2022 Understanding Community Property Laws in AZ Divorce and Family Law Though the divorce rate in the United States is declining, 40-50% of marriages still. are Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Washington, and Wisconsin. 1 56. In most divorces, community property is sold unless both. Under Arizona law, when one spouse earns profits from separate property, those profits are either community or separate property (or a combination of both). And some assets are both community and separate property. The Scottsdale, Arizona Family Law Attorneys at Hildebrand Law, PC Discuss 3 Ways to Protect Your Personal Injury Award or Settlement During Divorce. Posted On April 19, 2022 In Divorce. Some 670 occurred last year, up from 594 in 2021 and 570 the year before. Judgment For Separate Property Stolen During Marriage in Arizona. April 1, 2006 -- It's always shocking when you hear of someone who has murdered their spouse. The rules and definitions are set forth at Section 33-431 of the Arizona Revised Statutes. Idaho. Nicholas James Firkus, 38, was arrested Wednesday and charged with second-degree. (A discussion of the slayer doctrine in a more typical case can be found here. Family Code 1101 is the fiduciary duty code that sets forth some of the punishments if one spouse breaches his or her fiduciary duty to the other spouse. In that case, the children’s share of the estate will be half of the separate property and half of the community property. Cockrill, 124 Ariz. As a QJV, you must split profits between spouses according to your shares of ownership in the company. The state of Alaska allows couples to choose whether they would like to follow community property or common law when dividing their marital assets upon death or divorce. A Conclusion of Value can be presented in either a Detailed or. This means that if, for example, the couple’s house was purchased years ago for $150,000 and it is now worth $600,000, the. (Cal. The percentage of females murdered by an intimate partner was 5 times higher than for males. Nevada. How the property is titled is not material in community property states. Under Arizona law, the community property laws protect each spouse’s share of the assets earned during a marriage. In community property states, all property acquired during the marriage will be split equally between the spouses should they ever divorce. 1. Problems can arise. Speak With Our Phoenix Family Law Attorneys. This is going to mitigate some of those hard feelings your spouse may have about your decision to remove money from financial accounts. enforcing a survivor benefit election in a pension in arizona; murderer spouse and community property in arizona; damages caused by a community. In 1982, Cathy Krauseneck, a young mother. Crampton-Brophy, 71, was convicted in May of second-degree murder in the June. The husband was serving in the military with his wife filed for divorce. (4) The injured spouse shall be entitled to 100 percent of the community property interest in the retirement and pension benefits of the injured spouse. In Arizona, the decision of the court regarding the division of marital assets is based upon state law. , bonds, mutual funds, stocks) Community property also includes debts shared between the spouses. The character of property is determined at the time it is acquired. 1:14. Imprisoned at. the rents, issues, and profits (in other words, the money an asset makes) of any item of separate property. 3rd puzzle is about Spouse Gets Vengeance. Be sure to consult a real estate professional to determine your state's rules and regulations. S. Ariz. The spouse earning them must offer a reasonable method to. B. The total unsecured community obligations of the parties amounted to $52,054. In Armer v. 1 The most basic tenet of community property is a presumption of fifty-fifty split in ownership of property and debt in marriage. Here’s how the slayer rule works and when it does make sense for someone to own life insurance coverage on you. S. " See maj. General Rule of Collecting Community Debts from a Spouse’s Separate Property in Arizona. A Fort Hood, Texas, soldier and agent with Army Criminal Investigation Command has been charged with the 2018 murder of his wife. This is also called homicide. 00. Although the long-term tax savings can be substantial, the probate costs are immediate and, in most people’s minds, too high. ”. 00. ($100,00§0 x 25% = $25,000 in community property). Elwood Jones, an employee at the Embassy Suites, was convicted and awaits. A ruthless blackmailer and a low-key detective both discover Philip's. Calculating a Property Equalization Payment in Arizona. C. On appeal, Wife was found to have met the requirements for being awarded spousal maintenance, pursuant to A. 2d 965, the Arizona court reviewed a similar case. In fact, it is one of only nine in the United States. Rule 33 (A) of the Arizona Rules of Family Law Procedure. The court, coincidentally, also ordered the husband to. Louisiana. By Natalie Kainz and Colin Sheeley. Many times during a dissolution of marriage, the need arises to evaluate a business so the court can determine the community interest in making an equitable distribution of the community assets and debs. This means that any assets acquired after you initially file and serve your spouse with papers (or assets acquired after you are served yourself) are your sole and separate property and will. GARDNER, Mass. This marital property includes: Earnings of both. California. Except as. In the Hutki case, the husband and the wife reached a rule 69 settlement agreement in their divorce case. 9 41. Superior Courts Have Authority to Divide Community Property Equitably. In Donn v. 7 min. Jimenez had to address the issue, among others, of whether an Arizona divorce court has the legal authority to join a third party in a divorce case for the purpose of allowing a spouse to bring a fraudulent conveyance claim in an Arizona. Raul Hernandez Perez, 23, has been charged under the Uniform Code of Military Justice with murder and failure to follow a lawful order following the January 2021 death of Selena Roth, 25. Disposition. During a dissolution of marriage case, the trial court must divide the community property between the. Ct. Each spouse owns one-half of the property and has an equal right of management and control of the community property, but neither spouse may enter. S. But these nine states are the only. It is important to know what community property the spouses have because in a dissolution case the. The spouses have equal management, control and disposition rights over their community property and have equal power to bind the community. Lesly J. Winters, 298 P. § 25. We want to talk about the enforcement of financial agreements between unmarried couples in Arizona. Let’s assume that you and your spouse purchased some property in Arizona back in 1970 as an investment. ESTATE OF AN INTESTATE NOT LEAVING SPOUSE. ") Share. Arizona has a broad definition of domestic violence. We can competently navigate Arizona Family Laws to find the best relief for you. " To create the trust, spouses must follow certain rules. In the husband and wife’s LLC Operating Agreement (the document which lists who owns the LLC, among other things), instead of listing the membership interests as “John Doe, 50%” and “Mary Doe, 50%”, it’ll be listed as “John. The table also specifies a list of. Address: 1745 E River Rd. DESCENT AND DISTRIBUTION. Arizona is a community property state. 2d 1334 (1979), the Arizona Supreme Court discussed how Arizona courts should determine whether an increase in value to the separate property of one spouse is separate or community property. This means that the surviving spouse immediately owns 100% of the property. In community property states, a surviving spouse is generally entitled to a deceased spouse's half of the estate -- and the half he already owns -- if the deceased spouse did not leave a will; this leaves the surviving spouse with 100 percent of the estate. Community Property Law. In Arizona, when a spouse purchases real estate with their separate funds, it is considered their separate property. The Arizona trial court found that the business was Husband’s sole and separate property an d that the community had been fairly compensated for any increase in the equity of the home. Pape, former owner of a Scottsdale beauty salon, shot her husband in 2000. However, these protections only apply if the couple is actually married and not if they are cohabiting. Robert Spangler (January 10, 1933 – August 5, 2001) was a serial killer who murdered his first wife, son, daughter, and his third wife. 2d 1113 (1976) the Arizona Supreme Court […]Using Community Funds to Pay a Mortgage on a Spouse's Sole and Separate House From the Experienced Arizona Community Property Lawyers at Hildebrand Law, PC. In Van Loan v. Ross D. Oct. Community Property. 1984), the Arizona Court of Appeals discussed whether legal contingency fees (that is, legal fees that are a percentage-of-recovery) earned by an attorney/spouse after his marriage ended are his alone or community property, when much of the work on the case was accomplished during the. 001. The division of community property, due to death or divorce,. If no other assets other than the principal residence require probate, the living spouse can file an affidavit with the county clerk. 2005 Arizona Revised Statutes - Revised Statutes §25-215 Liability of community property and separate property for community and separate debts. -Enter Your Spouse's Community Income:--Taxes Withheld: You=$7,500. Arizona’s community property laws generally categorize marital assets in one of three ways: (i) the marital community property, (ii) one spouse’s sole and separate property, and (iii) the other spouse’s sole and separate property. The surviving spouse takes one-half of all Community Property and the other half goes to the deceased’s estate and passes to whoever is named in will or through. D. In the state of Arizona, your marriage is subject to “community property law,” which means any property acquired during the marriage is presumed to be community, or jointly held, property. Under Arizona law, a couple can, by their intent, transmute the character of separate property to community property. So, we wanted to provide answers to frequently asked questions about Arizona community property laws. In Arizona, the earnings of the spouses during marriage are community property. Arizona Applies the Aggregate Theory to Disposing Community Property in an Estate Plan. Ex-cop turned convicted murderer Drew Peterson is one of the most notorious figures in contemporary true crime culture. When spouses get divorced, community property is divided equally. Code § 770 (2022). Genial shopkeeper Philip has to endure the constant nagging of a shrewish wife while he secretly yearns for a pretty young stenographer. §§ 14-2401 through 14-2405) There is no surviving spouse and I am the dependent or minor child of the person who died. , 555 P. Learn How are Stock Options Divided in an Arizona Divorce Case from the Experienced Arizona Divorce Attorneys at Hildebrand Law, PC. Whatever the property and wherever located, the family law judge determines who should get what and enters final orders, this is called the property settlement agreement. k. Our Phoenix AZ offices are available 24 hours a day at (602) 254-8880 or by sending us a confidential email to talk about your related family law. After a nationwide search for missing travel blogger Gabby Petito in 2021, her boyfriend, Brian Laundrie, admitted in a notebook that he killed her. e. Nothing can be more satisfying than winning a personal injury case and receiving compensation for your losses from the incident. Authorities in Jamaica said a U. 3d 599 (Ariz. However, the spouses can agree to convert the property to community property. The same applies to non-residents with property in Washington, though solely the value of their property in the state. Terranova, 15 Cal. Community property will be owned equally by the spouses. Autocide, suicide by automobile collision. App. TITLE 2. While a criminal conviction requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt, the slayer rule applies to civil law. Fraud for purposes of a bankruptcy dischargeability complaint cannot be imputed to a spouse based on a theory of Arizona community property law. R. Our family law firm has earned numerous awards such as US News and World Reports Best Arizona Family Law Firm, US News and World Report Best Divorce Attorneys, “Best of the Valley” by Arizona Foothills readers, and “Best Arizona Divorce Law Firms” by North Scottsdale Magazine. e. The latest UN figures show that 137 women across the world are killed every day by a partner or member of their own family – a total of 50,000 women a year murdered by people they know and should be able to trust. Arizona is a community property state and community property law controls the division of all assets of your marital estate. If not a precise 50/50 split, then the community property is divided fairly and equitably under the parties’ unique circumstances. New Mexico. RCW 26. In these cases, the primary reason for the homicide was to acquire some personal and tangible benefit. Stephan M. With some exceptions, property each spouse earns or acquires during the marriage is considered the community property of the couple. D. Sec. AZ Statewide Paralegal has decades of experience preparing documents for divorces in Arizona. Her husband has pleaded guilty to a charge of premeditated murder. The court also ordered the parcel of land to be sold with each party receiving 50% of the sale of the land. Answer: The benefits of spouses holding title to a home as community property with right of survivorship are probably only available for a home or other real. A spouse ’ s separate property consists of: (1)AAthe property owned or claimed by the spouse before marriage; (2)AAthe property acquired by the spouse during marriage by gift, devise, or descent; and (3)AAthe. After the final divorce trial, the court awarded the house to the husband subject to the husband paying the wife 50% of the equity in the home, if any. In a divorce, the community may be entitled to a community lien of $100,000. 3d 695 (App. 205; § 14-6. “Once a spouse observes that his. Suicide by cop, acting in a threatening manner so as to provoke a lethal response from law enforcement. At a press conference Friday, authorities said Heuermann, who has been charged with three counts of first degree murder and three counts of second degree murder in connection with the deaths of. 9 6. On the other hand, property acquired before marriage and gifts or inheritance given to either spouse during marriage are. Our Arizona community property and family law attorneys have over 100 years of. Per Jamaica. At his least offensive, Peterson is an obnoxious blowhard and, from there, his status drops all the way from chronic domestic abuser to cold-blooded wife-killer and homicidal conspiracy mastermind. Our Arizona community. Conclusion. The Arizona Court of Appeals in a memorandum decision in the case of Jimenez vs. In the state of Arizona, all assets acquired during the marriage, by either spouse, are presumed to be community property. Men Who Murder Their Families: What the Research Tells Us | 11 much of the prior domestic violence through interviews with family and friends of the homicide victims. In Sellers v. Army Spc. Joint Tenancy. The disclaimer deed in that divorce was signed on a home purchased during an Arizona marriage. Joint tenancy property, however, rests on no such assumption. Marital property in community property states is always owned by both spouses equally (50/50). It is supposed to give separate property to the spouse who owns the separate property. Valerie Pape, the "Torso Murderer," has been released from prison after serving 16 years and awaits deportation to France. The Spouse’s Share. When it comes to the disposition of property in Arizona legal separation, follows the same law as with divorce. Self-immolation, suicide by fire, often as a form of protest. Nine U. The community property states are: Arizona. For example, if two spouses make $60,000 and $40,000, you would make an adjustment on the tax return and both would show as earning $50,000. In equitable division states, courts can take. In Vance-Koepnick v. Both husband and wife must sign a real estate contract for the community property to be obligated. (Note: in states that uphold community property with the right of survivorship, e. Ct. For 2022, residents don’t have to file a state estate tax return if the value of their estate is less than the tax exempt amount of $2,193,000, according to Washington inheritance laws. We can ensure that your documentation is prepared. 10 Of The Most Brutal Serial Spouse Killers In History Lyda Southard. (1 of 14) Five years later, Susan was granted a new sentencing hearing after the court of criminal appeals ruled her counsel. One area of particular interest with its own complexity is California's community property law and the way state laws divide marital property when a. When a couple marries the pre-marriage separate property of a spouse is not liable for the pre-marriage debts of the. Maximum of 25 years in prison (12. Property settlements are just one issue that has to be resolved in the divorce process. Therefore, the wife should be liable for half of the community debt omitted in the divorce decree. A new opportunity in Florida: Community property trusts. SUBCHAPTER A. A person who feloniously and intentionally kills the decedent forfeits all benefits under this chapter with respect to the decedent's estate, including an intestate share, an elective. Alter the status of preexisting community property. Community Property States. This form of marital. Divorce laws vary by state, with some leaning more toward the community property concept. The separate property of a spouse can be turned into community property in Arizona. The Short Answer. The short answer to the question can there be waste of the equity in a marital home in Arizona is, yes, the court will recognize a claim of waste of the equity in a home during a divorce in Arizona; either because a spouse did not take care of the home or intentionally losing equity in the home due to a foreclosure that could. Certain community property states may allow you to file additional documentation to bypass these restrictions. FBI data from the mid-1970s to mid-1980s found that for every 100 husbands who killed their wives in the United States, about 75 women killed their. The Court then looked at the record for evidence of the intent of the wife and husband. As an example, suppose a couple gets divorced. But if a prenup agreement is in place, the terms of that agreement override the community property rules. The experienced divorce attorneys of Clark & Schloss Family Law, P. C. At trial, the court issued orders dividing the husband’s military retirement between the two spouses. Idaho. Arizona is one of nine community property states in the U. Solution of puzzle is given in the image. 1 5. According to an arrest warrant, John Wonder, 31, stands accused of one count each of murder in the first degree, and armed criminal action in connection to his wife's death. Under Section 40-3-12(A), all property “acquired during marriage by either husband or wife, or. Gypsy’s mother, Claudine "Dee Dee" Blanchard, 48, divorced, moved multiple times and went from doctor to doctor claiming that Gypsy had leukemia, muscular dystrophy, and other ailments. This is a really popular reason that a character becomes a murder suspect in a murder mystery novel. In Arizona, a spouse signing over property by quitclaim generally gives up all interest in it. In the case of real property owned by a husband and wife as community property with right of survivorship, the right of survivorship is extinguished as provided in § 14-2804 or on the recordation in the office of the recorder of the county or counties where the real property is located an affidavit entitled “affidavit terminating right of survivorship”. Community property "rests on the assumption that the two spouses worked together to accumulate property for the community, each contributing in pecuniary or other ways. IPHS is lethal for individuals and has far reaching effects on public health as events traumatize families, friends, neighborhoods and entire communities.